Purpose
This study investigated the effect of new nurses' metacognition on their retention intention and the dual mediating effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the relationship between those two variables. Methods: Participants included 154 new nurses with 12 months or less of clinical experience working in general hospitals in Seoul. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from September 30 to October 29, 2024 and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 29.0 and the Process Macro 4.2 program. Results: Metacognition had a positive effect on job satisfaction (B=0.60, p<.001). Job satisfaction had significant positive effects on organizational commitment (B=0.84, p<.001) and retention intention (B=1.31, p<.001), while organizational commitment had a significant positive effect on retention intention (B=0.65, p=.016). The sequential mediating effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment was confirmed within the relationship between metacognition and retention intention in new nurses (effect=0.33, 95% confidence interval: 0.03-0.71). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the presence of a causal structure in which higher metacognition is associated with greater job satisfaction in new nurses; this leads them to commit to the organization, eventually increasing their retention intention.

Purpose
The study was to develop a Clinical Nurses' Job Crafting Scale (CN-JCS) and examines its validity and reliability. Methods: Data were collected from 423 clinical nurses working in general hospitals. The CN-JCS was developed according to DeVellis’s step sclae development guidelines. The CN-JCS was assessed for content validity, construct validity, item convergence/discrimination, convergent validity, and internal consistency. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, five factors and 20 items were selected. Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis, and the model fit was good. The Conceptual reliability was greater than .70 and average variance extracted value was greater than .50, indicating discriminant validity. Convergent validity was confirmed through correlations between the CN-JCS, psychological empowerment and work engagement. The scale’s reliability was established with a Cronbach's alpha of .90. The CN-JCS employs a 5-point Likert scale across 20 questions, gauging aspects such as giving meaning to work, changing the structure of work, exploring and communicating, pursuing relationship change, and positive attitude toward change. Conclusion: The CN-JCS can be used to accurately assess the job craft of clinical nurses, and the measured level can be used as baseline data to improve awareness and education of nurses’ job craft.

Purpose
This study explored the lived experiences of physician assistants (PAs) in Korea during the 2024 medical workforce shortage, focusing on how they perceived and adapted to their rapidly changing roles. The study investigated both the challenges PAs faced and the professional growth they experienced throughout the adaptation process. Methods: A phenomenological qualitative design was applied using Colaizzi’s method. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 PAs at a tertiary hospital in Seoul between September 25, 2024 and February 1, 2025. Data were analyzed thematically. Results: Four major theme clusters emerged: changes in work environment and quality of life, role conflict and ambiguity in professional identity, dual aspects of role expansion including autonomy and burnout, and coping strategies and structural policy demands. Participants reported physical and emotional strain, but also described greater involvement in care decisions, improved patient relationships, and a stronger sense of professional identity. Conclusion: Amid the medical staffing crisis, PAs adapted to their expanded responsibilities and became key healthcare providers. While facing substantial burdens, they simultaneously experienced personal and professional growth. Institutional and legal support is essential to stabilize their roles and improve long-term healthcare outcomes.

Purpose
This study examined the effects of role conflict, work environment, and meaning of work on job embeddedness among physician assistants to provide foundational data for their retention and professional development. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted with 180 physician assistants from six tertiary hospitals in Seoul and Chungcheong Province. Data were collected from July to November 2022. Role conflict, work environment, meaning of work, and job embeddedness were measured using validated scales. Data were analyzed using SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1 with descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis. Results: Job embeddedness correlated positively with meaning of work (r=.28, p<.001) and work environment (r=.22, p=.002) and weakly with role conflict (r=.14, p=.045). Multiple regression identified meaning of work (B=0.32, p<.001), role conflict (B=0.13, p=.005), work environment (B=0.14, p=.018), and work type (B=-3.95, p=.004) as significant predictors (Adj. R²=19.8%). Meaning of work had the greatest impact. Conclusion: Enhancing job embeddedness among physician assistants requires improving the work environment, clarifying professional roles, and strengthening professional recognition and organizational support.

Purpose
This study aimed to explore the effects of presenteeism, burnout, and nursing performance on intention to retention among nurses of an intensive care unit in one tertiary hospital.
Method
The data were collected from from July 1 to July 31, 2023, from 172 nurses at intensive care units. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 26.0 program.
Results
A four-step hierarchical regression model, including control variables, presenteeism, burnout, and nursing performance, accounted for 44.9% of the factors influencing intention to retention. Burnout (β=-.54, p<.001), nursing performance (β=.21, p=.002), health problem (β=-.07, p=.040), and experience of turnover (β=-.16, p=.008) were identified as the significant predictor of intention to retention. Model III, which adds burnout, has a significant 23.5%p increase in explanatory power over Model II, indicating that burnout has the strongest impact on intention to retention.
Conclusion
For enhancing the intention to retention of the intensive care nurses, it is necessary to provide a systematic strategy and support to increase the performance of nurses and to try to reduce the burnout and health problems of nurses.

Purpose
This study explored how Generation Z characteristics—specifically work–life balance, growth needs, and individualism—along with work environment, emotional labor, and interpersonal skills, affect job embeddedness among newly graduated nurses. It also examined whether job embeddedness mediates the relationship between these factors and turnover intention. Methods: A correlational descriptive study was conducted by analyzing survey data collected from 131 clinical nurses born between 1995 and 2000, who had less than three years of nursing work experience in South Korea. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was employed to identify the independent effects of Generation Z characteristics on job embeddedness, over and above the effects of work environment, emotional labor, and interpersonal skills. Path analysis using bootstrapping method was conducted to examine the mediating role of job embeddedness in turnover intention. Results: Needs for growth and work environment were significant predictors of job embeddedness among newly graduated nurses. Furthermore, the effects of needs for growth and work environment on turnover intention were significantly mediated by job embeddedness. Conclusion: Understanding the characteristics of Generation Z, particularly their needs for growth, along with the work environment, is essential for enhancing job embeddedness among newly graduated nurses. Strengthening job embeddedness can effectively reduce their turnover intention.

Purpose
This study aimed to identify the impact of clinical nurses’ grit and nursing work environment on job enthusiasm and provide basic data for system improvement to maintain and secure nursing personnel. Methods: Data were collected online from July to August 2022 targeting 210 clinical nurses at three general hospitals located in Jeollabuk-do. Data analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS 26.0 program. Results: Job enthusiasm exhibited statistically significant differences according to age (F=5.20, p=.006) and presence of children (F=0.95, p<.001). Furthermore, job enthusiasm showed statistically significant positive correlations with grit (r=.64, p<.001) and the nursing work environment (r=.49, p<.001). The following factors were found to affect job enthusiasm: having children (β=.26, p<.001), grit (β=.46, p<.001), nursing work environment (β=.33, p<.001), and age over 40 (β=.16, p<.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that an internal motivation strengthening program that promotes grit should be developed and applied to increase work enthusiasm among clinical nurses. Additionally, hospital organizations should prepare various policies to improve the nursing work environment.

Purpose
To identify the factors influencing the perception of “decent work” by nurses. Methods: Data were collected from 208 nurses who had worked in hospitals for over six months, from January 23 to February 11, 2024. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0. Results: Statistically significant positive correlations were observed among “decent work,” “work volition,” “living a calling,” and “social comparison orientation.” The core factors that significantly affected the perception of “decent work” by nurses were ‘work volition” (β=.30, p<.001), shift type (β=-.28, p<.001), aged in their 40s (β=-.22, p=.003), “living a calling” (β=.18, p=.012), and “social comparison orientation” (β=.14, p=.021). These variables explained 32% of the variance in the perception of “decent work.” Conclusion: The study results confirmed that, in addition to “work volition” and “living a calling’,” “social comparison orientation” also plays a significant role in how nurses perceive “decent work.” To understand the “decent work” conditions in nursing, it is necessary to explore the relationship between these factors and the variables that reflect professionalism or social recognition.

Purpose
This study employs Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of retired military nurse officers transitioning to civilian hospitals and to identify the essential meanings and underlying structures of this transition.
Methods
Eleven participants with over two years of military hospital experience, now employed in civilian hospitals, were recruited via snowball sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews conducted between December 2023 and March 2024.
Results
Analysis using Giorgi’s four-stage method identified 257 meaning units, 37 central meanings, 12 themes, and six general structures: 1) Positive perceptions of the nursing profession, 2) Confusion due to lack of information, 3) Difficulty in adapting due to differences between military and civilian hospitals, 4) Self-blame for a lack of competence, 5) Struggles in finding a position suitable for one’s career, and 6) Satisfaction with freedom and a stable life.
Conclusion
These findings emphasize the need for tailored transition programs, including job placement support, skill development, and cultural adaptation training. Socialization and communication programs can further aid integration and contribute to the professional growth. Additionally, a positive perception of nursing significantly influenced the decision to return to the workforce, highlighting the importance of fostering professional identity and confidence among transitioning military nurses.

Purpose
This concept analysis aimed to deepen the understanding of Quiet Quitting among nurses by identifying its antecedents, defining attributes, and consequences.
Methods
This study employed Walker and Avant’s conceptual analysis framework.
Results
Quiet Quitting among nurses is defined as “a state in which individuals pursue harmony between their work and personal lives by performing only the minimum required tasks, rejecting workplace initiatives, and expressing passive resistance to organizational and job dissatisfaction.” Key antecedents include “fatigue resulting from changes in the healthcare environment”, “lack of managerial competence”, “role stress”, “toxic organizational culture”, “financial problem” and “Generation Z’s evolving perspective on work”. The analysis highlight five primary concerns: a decline in nursing care quality, increased likelihood of job turnover, conflicts with colleagues and supervisors, reduced job satisfaction, and a diminished personal competency.
Conclusion
This study provides a clear definition of Quiet Quitting among nurses and establishes a theoretical basis for addressing the issue. Additionally, it underscores the need for further research, including the development of measurement tools, to better understand and mitigate this phenomenon.

Purpose
To examine the impact of reading the text of the Nightingale Pledge aloud at the beginning of the shift on nursing workplace spirituality, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction among hospital nurses.
Methods
We used a non-randomized controlled trial design. Forty-four nurses from four wards with similar work environments at M General Hospital in B City were enrolled. The data were analyzed using a x² test, t-test, and generalized estimating equations.
Results
In both groups, we observed a significant group and time interaction effect for nursing workplace spirituality (Wald x²=4.50, p=.015) and organizational commitment (Wald x²=11.33, p=.001). Nursing workplace spirituality was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group at eight weeks after the intervention (t=-3.41, p=.001). Likewise, organizational commitment was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group at four and eight weeks after the intervention (Z=-1.97, p=.049; Z=-2.71, p=.007, respectively). Job satisfaction did not significantly before and after the intervention.
Conclusion
Despite the short time commitment, reading aloud the text of the Nightingale Pledge at the beginning of shift had positive effects on hospital nurses’ nursing workplace spirituality and organizational commitment.

Purpose
This study investigated the effects of newly graduated nurses’ perceived readiness for nursing practice, resilience, and preceptors’ teaching behaviors on turnover intention.
Methods
A survey was conducted among 168 newly graduated nurses between August 7 and 31, 2023. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis.
Results
The factors that significantly affected turnover intention included preceptors' teaching behavior (β=-.29, p=.001) and resilience (β=-.21, p=.026). This model explained 32.0% of the variance.
Conclusion
Newly graduated nurses’ resilience and their initial training environment are key factors influencing turnover intention. Therefore, nursing managers should develop strategies to enhance the resilience of newly graduated nurses and improve training systems. Additionally, efforts should be made to promote positive teaching behaviors among the educators responsible for training newly graduated nurses.

Citations

• Perceptions on Fixed Night Shift System and Turnover Intention of General Hospital Nurses
  Mi-Aie Lee, Hye-Jin Cho, Sung-Hee Ahn, Hyo-Ju Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2015; 21(5): 519.     CrossRef

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between socio-cognitive mindfulness, job stress, social support, and turnover intention among general hospital nurses and identify the factors influencing nurses’ turnover intention.
Methods
A descriptive survey was conducted among 218 nurses from five general hospitals located in G metropolitan city. The participants completed a questionnaire measuring the study variables, and the data were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis in SPSS/WIN 28.0.
Results
Significant differences were found in turnover intention by gender (t=-2.12, p=.036), family type (t=-3.09, p=.002), work department (F=7.01, p<.001), and work type (t=2.55, p=.011). Socio-cognitive mindfulness was positively related to social support (r=.331, p<.001), and turnover intention was positively related to job stress (r=.347, p<.001). The factors influencing nurses’ turnover intention included job stress (β=.317, p<.001), work department (artificial kidney room: β=-.287, p=.004; emergency room: β=-.219, p=.015), social support (β=-.183, p=.005), and work type (shift work: β=.170, p=.036), respectively. These factors explained 23.4% of the variance.
Conclusion
The findings indicate the need to develop programs to effectively cope with job stress and implement mentoring systems or psychological support programs to reduce turnover intention among nurses at the organizational level.

PURPOSE
This study was done to identify the mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between nurse's character and happiness for nurses in general hospitals.
METHODS
Participants were 139 nurses working in general hospitals. A survey was used and data were collected in April 2019. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS/WIN 22.0 program.
RESULTS
The significant predictors for the happiness of nurses were nurse's character (β=.56) and resilience (β=.80). These variables explained 67% of the variance in happiness of nurses. Also, resilience had a total mediating effect on the relationship between nurse's character and happiness.
CONCLUSION
Findings indicate that nurse's character and resilience are important factors for the happiness of nurses in general hospitals.

Citations

• The Effects of Compassion Competence, Clinical Nursing Character, and Nursing Professionalism on Nursing Service Quality of Long-term Care Hospital Nurses
  Young Moon Cho, Hyun O We
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2024; 27(1): 11.     CrossRef
• The relationship between secondary traumatic stress and burnout in critical care nurses: The mediating effect of resilience
  Yun Jeong Jeong, Sujin Shin
  Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2023; 74: 103327.     CrossRef
• Perspectives of the Value in Life among Nursing Professionals: A Q-methodology Study
  Misoon Jeon, Eun Sil Jang, Eun Ja Yeun
  Sage Open.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationship between information sources, and resilience, with anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online investigation
  Ali Montazeri, Azadeh Tavoli, Farzaneh Maftoon, Mansoureh Farhangnia, Fatemeh Naghizadehmoghari, Melika Nourani, Negar Tashakkori, Hoorie Hoorie Hassanpour
  Health Monitor Journal of the Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research.2022; 21(5): 513.     CrossRef
• Mediating Effects of Happiness between Gratitude Disposition and Psychological Well-being among Clinical Nurses
  Ji-Ah Song, Hyejin Yang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(2): 227.     CrossRef
• Moderating Effect of Nurse’s Character on the Relationship between Attitudes toward Nursing Care of the Dying and Performance of Terminal Care in South Korea
  Kawoun Seo
  Healthcare.2021; 9(9): 1195.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The present research was done to examine the fundamental significance and structure of conflict experience of nurses in hospital nursing organizations.
METHODS
This qualitative research was conducted by analyzing data collected through in-depth interviews based on Colaizzi's (1978) method of analysis, one of the phenomenological methods of analysis.
RESULTS
Statements from the 12 study participants demonstrate two key topics “accumulation of conflicts” and “manifestation of new conflicts” as well as seven sub-topics including “being forced to comply”, “Lack of respect and consideration”, “unsatisfactory conflict management by the leaders”, “continuous and overwhelming vicious cycle”, “prevalence of self-defensive egotism”, “difficult to accept differences”, and “incapable of responding to the structural changes of nursing workforce”.
CONCLUSION
Resolving the dysfunctional conflicts in hospital nursing organizations requires not only improvement in the organizational culture of individuals and nursing organizations, but also legal and institutional measures in addition to new attempts to integrate education and research findings from relevant fields of studies.

Citations

• The Mediating Effect of Work Friendship on the Relationship between Grit and Work Engagement among Millennial and Generation Z Nurses in Korea
  Dain Park, Hyunjin Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2025; 31(1): 45.     CrossRef
• Acuquisition of Professional Nursing Intuition: A Grounded Theory Approach
  Hwa-Young Ahn, Sung-Bok Kwon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2025; 31(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Factors associated with critical reflection competency among clinical nurse educators
  Sujin Shin, MiJi Lee, Eunmin Hong
  Teaching and Learning in Nursing.2024; 19(4): e630.     CrossRef
• Development of Colleague Solidarity Scale for Nurses
  Moon Yeon Kong, Nah-Mee Shin
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2024; 30(5): 504.     CrossRef
• Differences in occupational values, communication types, job satisfaction, and organisational commitment among clinical nurses across generations
  Seul A. Lee, Jungmin Lee
  Frontiers in Psychology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Impact of Nursing Organizational Culture and Nursing Practice Environment on Generational Conflict in Organization among Hospital Nurses
  Jieun Kwon, Eun-Young Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(1): 45.     CrossRef
• Experience of Interpersonal-Conflict Between Nurse Colleagues of Mid-Career Hospital Nurses
  Namyee Koo, Suhye Kwon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(4): 421.     CrossRef
• Burnout and Its Influencing Factors among Hospital Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Kyeoung Ae Lee, Hye-Ja Park
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2023; 48(2): 157.     CrossRef
• Development of Critical Reflection Competency Scale for Clinical Nurses
  Sujin Shin, Eunmin Hong, Jiyoung Do, Mee Sun Lee, Youngsun Jung, Inyoung Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(6): 3483.     CrossRef
• Interpersonal skills mediate the relationship between communicative and clinical competencies among nursing students: A descriptive study
  Kyoungah Kang, Mijung Lee, Hyeyoung Cho
  Nurse Education Today.2021; 99: 104793.     CrossRef
• Emergency nurses’ experience of coping with moral distress
  Na Kyoung Lee, Jee-In Hwang
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2020; 26(2): 176.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to investigate perception, satisfaction and needs for continuing education for nurses in Korea.
METHODS
Participants were selected 1,106 using disproportional stratified sampling for the 110,601 members of the 10 affiliated organizations of the Korean Nurses Association and 873 nurses participated in the online survey. Data were collected from February 2 to 27, 2015, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 24.0 program. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Scheffé test were conducted.
RESULTS
The perception of continuing education averaged 0.69 on a scale of 1, satisfaction with continuing education was 3.66 out of 5, and need for continuing education was 4.33 out of 6. Perception, satisfaction and needs for continuing education showed significant differences depending on age, marriage, education, work department, type of work and clinical career, while perception and satisfaction differed more among type of institution and the affiliated groups.
CONCLUSION
For the development of continuing education for nurses, it is necessary to establish an integrated information system for nurse continuing education and to develop various education programs for career development.

Citations

• A Study on the Need for Continuing Professional Ethics Education for Optometrists
  Se-Eun Ju, Ji-Hee Jang, Hyun-Sung Leem, Mi-A Jung
  The Korean Journal of Vision Science.2024; 26(3): 177.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to verify a mediating effect of followership in the relationship of organizational citizenship behavior and nurse managers' empowering leadership as perceived by nurses.
METHODS
The study was a descriptive research involving 222 nurses working on nursing units in a university hospital. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and simple and multiple regression techniques with the SPSS 23.0 program. Mediation analysis was performed according to the Baron and Kenny method and Sobel test.
RESULTS
Nurse managers' empowering leadership and followership showed a positive correlation (r=.22, p=.001), and a significantly positive correlation with organizational citizenship behavior (r=.32, p<.001). Also, followership and organizational citizenship behavior showed a positive correlation (r=.52, p<.001). The results of the study verified that nurses' followership had a mediating effect on organizational citizenship behavior in nurse unit managers' empowering leadership, a positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior and ultimately an increase in organizational achievement.
CONCLUSION
Nurse managers need to be aware of the importance of empowering leadership, and endeavor to enhance it further. As for the organizational level, support to strengthen empowering leadership is required.

Citations

• Effects of Resilience, Nursing Managers’ Empowering Leadership on Turnover Intention among New Nurses: Mediating role of Transition Shock
  Hyun Jin Jung, Hyun Kyung Kim, Seok Hee Jeong
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2024; 30(3): 212.     CrossRef
• The role of followership on organizational citizenship behavior in the service industry: A double mediation model
  Noermijati Noermijati, Ema Zahra Firdaus, Desi Tri Kurniawati, Masyhuri
  Problems and Perspectives in Management.2024; 22(2): 124.     CrossRef
• Followership in health care clinicians: a scoping review
  Sulaiman Alanazi, Richard Wiechula, David Foley
  JBI Evidence Synthesis.2023; 21(9): 1764.     CrossRef
• Effect of Authentic Leadership to Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Nurses Mediated by Team Trust
  Eungju Kim, Eungyung Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2022; 28(4): 451.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to establish a clinical ladder system for nurses in a small and medium-sized hospital in Korea.
METHODS
The study was carried from July, 2016 to May, 2018. Data collection was done in a general hospital with 250 beds located in Gyeonggi Province. The clinical ladder system was developed and operated according to the value system of small and medium-sized hospital. Focus group interviews and a satisfaction survey were conducted for evaluation. Collected quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 22.0 program and qualitative data underwent content analysis.
RESULTS
The clinical ladder system is a 5-step ladder that includes 3 domains, 5 nursing competencies and 25 nursing behavioral indicators related to core values of the hospital. The operating system were promotion review system, education system and support/reward system. After conducting a pilot clinical ladder system, satisfaction of nurses was 2.86, out of a possible 4. Nurses who participated in the clinical ladder system experienced improvement in motivation, job performance, self-esteem, professionalism, recognition and were able to develop a goal in their minds.
CONCLUSION
The results indicate that the clinical ladder system can be used as a strategy for professional development for nurses in small and medium-sized hospitals.

Citations

• Training Priority for Managerial Competence of Nurse Managers in Small and Medium-Sized Hospitals: Focusing on the Management Level
  MunHee Jun, Wonjung Noh
  SAGE Open Nursing.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nurses' perceptions of career ladder systems, job satisfaction and turnover intention: A cross‐sectional study
  Young Seon Ahn, Jeong Sil Choi
  Nursing Open.2023; 10(1): 195.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The present study was done to provide understanding of how female nurses adapt to male nurses and to derive an entity concept that explains the experience process for female nurses.
METHODS
Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 16 female nurses who had work experience with male nurses. Collected data were analyzed using the grounded theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin.
RESULTS
The core category found in the adjustment experience of female nurses to male nurses was “win-win partnership with male nurses who struggle to keep up in the clinical setting”. The central phenomenon was “unprepared meeting with male nurses who are different from us”. The action/interaction strategies the participants used were “recognition of differences,”, “positive approach,” and “acceptance as a colleague.” CONCLUSION: The results showed that female nurses tried to have a win-win partnership with male nurses by using several strategies. This result broadened the range of understanding of female nurses' adjustment to male nurses and provides new information on their adaptation to practical work.

Citations

• Seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella-zoster antibodies in new female nurses in the Republic of Korea
  Yeongjae Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Dae-Young Lim, Suwhan Kim, Wonyang Kang, Hyeonjun Kim, Jai-Dong Moon
  Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for workplace bullying among nurses.
METHODS
First, risk factors of workplace bullying were categorized in order to create analysis criteria. A search of 8 databases, and manual searching resulted in the identification of 3,096 relevant articles. Three of the authors did article selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the Risk of Bias (RoB) and the Risk of Bias for Nonrandomized studies (ROBANS).
RESULTS
Interventions in workplace bullying were classified as individual, interactions, and organizational approach. Twelve intervention studies (10 individual interventions, 1 team approach, 1 multi-level approach) were selected. Four of the individual interventions decreased bullying, but three had no effect. One multi-level intervention reported that bullying did not occur. Individual interventions improved bullying awareness in four articles, decreased turnover intention in two articles, and increased skill and knowledge of bullying management in five articles. One team approach increased nurse interactions and group cohesion. The quality of selected articles was low overall.
CONCLUSION
Individual interventions have a possibility to improve awareness and knowledge about bullying, but there is a lack of evidence on preventing bullying. Further research is required on multi-levels interventions with well-designed controlled trials.

Citations

• Factors Influencing Hospital Nurses’ Workplace Bullying Experiences Focusing on Meritocracy Belief, Emotional Intelligence, and Organizational Culture: A Cross‐Sectional Study
  Insil Jang, Sun Joo Jang, Sun Ju Chang, Miyuki Takase
  Journal of Nursing Management.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Influence of Nurses’ Workplace Bullying, Social Interaction Anxiety and Positive Psychological Capital on Nursing Performance
  Hyang Mi Kim, Sun Hee Jang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(3): 331.     CrossRef
• A Pilot Study to Examine the Effects of a Workplace Cyberbullying Cognitive Rehearsal Mobile Learning Program for Head Nurses: A Quasi-Experimental Study
  Mijeong Park, Ok Yeon Cho, Jeong Sil Choi
  Healthcare.2023; 11(14): 2041.     CrossRef
• Development and Evaluation of a Workplace Bullying Cognitive Rehearsal-Based Nursing Simulation Education Program: A Mixed-Methods Study
  Mijeong Park, Jeong Sil Choi
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(6): 4974.     CrossRef
• Workplace bullying among Korean registered nurses: A meta-aggregation of qualitative studies
  Eun-Jun Park, Hyunwook Kang, Ji Woon Ko
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2023; 29(4): 450.     CrossRef
• Psychometric qualities of measurement tools used to determine workplace horizontal violence: A rapid review
  Noelleen Kiprillis, Richard Gray, Lisa McKenna
  Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice.2022; 28(4): 653.     CrossRef
• Intervention types and their effects on workplace bullying among nurses: A systematic review
  Sun Joo Jang, Youn‐Jung Son, Haeyoung Lee
  Journal of Nursing Management.2022; 30(6): 1788.     CrossRef
• Dis-eases of Korean nurses: a women’s health perspective
  Moon Jeong Kim
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2021; 27(4): 268.     CrossRef
• Relationship of Workplace Violence to Turnover Intention in Hospital Nurses: Resilience as a Mediator
  Hyun-Jung Kang, Jaeyong Shin, Eun-Hyun Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(5): 728.     CrossRef
• A Systematic Review of Workplace Interventions for the Mental Health of Workers
  Young Joo Lee, Eun Hee Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2020; 29(2): 155.     CrossRef
• Response Patterns of Nursing Unit Managers regarding Workplace Bullying: A Q Methodology Approach
  Jin Kyu Choi, Byoungsook Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(5): 562.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was done to evaluate the adequacy of nurse staffing in integrated nursing care.
METHODS
Statistical data on integrated nursing care from the National Health Insurance Corporation was used in this study. We extracted hospital data and patient data related to patient needs for nursing care. We analyzed the differences in patient needs by staffing level of each type of medical institution.
RESULTS
Approximately 70% of medical institutions provided nursing care by the mid level of nurse staffing, which was 1:6, 1:10 and 1:12 in the tertiary hospital, general hospital and semi-hospital, respectively. The patients' characteristics were significantly different by hospital type. Especially, the distribution of the main diagnosis was completely different between the tertiary hospital and semi-hospital. In the tertiary hospital, the patient needs measured by severity and activities of daily living dependency were higher at higher staffing level than at lower staffing level. However, the nurse staffing was less relevant to the patient needs in the general hospital and semi-hospital.
CONCLUSION
To provide high-quality nursing care, accurate workload forecasting is required at the start, and then the standard nurse staffing level can established based on workload forecasting.

Citations

• Effects of Shared Leadership and Communication Competence on Nursing Team Effectiveness in Comprehensive Nursing Service Units: Focusing on the Team Nursing System
  Hye Jin Kim, Eunjoo Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2025; 31(2): 143.     CrossRef
• Impact of Grit, Teamwork, Organizational Communication Competence, Perception of Patient Safety Culture on Patient Safety Nursing Activities in Integrated Nursing Care Units
  Jeeseon Kim, Haejung Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2025; 31(3): 237.     CrossRef
• A comparative analysis of nurses' reported number of patients and perceived appropriate number of patients in integrated nursing care services
  Hyunjeong Kwon, Jinhyun Kim
  Nursing & Health Sciences.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Relationship between Nurse Staffing and Critical Nursing Activities in Intensive Care Units : Analysis of National Health Insurance Claims Data from 2009 to 2020
  U Ri Go, Sung-Hyun Cho
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2024; 17(2): 25.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Factors Affecting the Inpatient Satisfaction in Integrated Nursing Care Service Wards using a Healthcare Service Survey Database
  Young Shin Cho, Jiwon Hong
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2024; 17(3): 76.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Nursing Needs and Nursing Performance Perceived by Patients and Nurses in Integrated Nursing Care Service Wards in Small and Medium-Sized Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study
  Hee-Sun Choi, Young Shin Cho
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2023; 35(3): 234.     CrossRef
• Calculating the optimal number of nurses based on nursing intensity by patient classification groups in general units in South Korea: A cross‐sectional study
  Yukyung Ko, Bohyun Park
  Nursing Open.2023; 10(6): 3982.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Nursing Task in Integrated Nursing Care Wards by Hospital Type
  Yeojin Yi, Haena Lim, Ji-Mee Kim, Jung-Hee Song
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2022; 28(2): 131.     CrossRef
• Impact evaluation of nurse staffing policy reform in Korea: A quasi‐experimental study
  Jinseon Yi, Jinhyun Kim
  Journal of Nursing Management.2022; 30(7): 3457.     CrossRef
• Influences of Emotional Labor and Work-Life Balance on Organizational Commitment among Nurses in Comprehensive Nursing Care Service Wards
  Young-Yi Yoon, Hye-Young Jang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2022; 28(2): 100.     CrossRef
• An Analysis of Tasks of Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19 in a Nationally-Designated Inpatient Treatment Unit
  Minho Jung, Moon-Sook Kim, Joo-Yeon Lee, Kyung Yi Lee, Yeon-Hwan Park
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2022; 52(4): 391.     CrossRef
• Relationships among Non-Nursing Tasks, Nursing Care Left Undone, Nurse Outcomes and Medical Errors in Integrated Nursing Care Wards in Small and Medium-Sized General Hospitals
  Ju-Young Park, Jee-In Hwang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(1): 27.     CrossRef
• The Relationship between Nursing Care Needs and Nurse Staffing in Pulmonology Nursing Units
  Hye-Kyung Jo, Sung-Heui Bae
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2021; 33(3): 236.     CrossRef
• Outcomes sensitive to critical care nurse staffing levels: A systematic review
  Pamela J.L. Rae, Susie Pearce, P. Jane Greaves, Chiara Dall'Ora, Peter Griffiths, Ruth Endacott
  Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2021; 67: 103110.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with the Utilization of Comprehensive Nursing Services in Hospitals among Elderly Inpatients after Surgery
  Dasom Son, Heejung Kim
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2020; 22(4): 358.     CrossRef
• Analysis of Nurses' Work Experience in Comprehensive Nursing Care Units of Small and Medium-sized Hospitals
  Mi Ryeong Song, Su Hyang Ryu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2020; 26(4): 419.     CrossRef
• Korean nurses' participation in health care policy reform: A phenomenological study
  NamKyung Han
  Journal of Nursing Management.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of structural empowerment and professional governance on autonomy and job satisfaction of the Korean nurses
  Sujin Choi, Miyoung Kim
  Journal of Nursing Management.2019; 27(8): 1664.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of labor intensity and fatigue on the sleep quality of clinical nurses and provide basic data for preparation of nursing interventions to improve sleep quality.
METHODS
Data were collected from 198 nurses in 2 general hospitals with more than 500 beds in D-city. Data analysis was performed using stepwise regression with the SPSS/WIN 22.0 program.
RESULTS
The significant factors influencing sleep quality of the clinical nurses were fatigue, absolute labor intensity, and shift type. Explanatory power was 66% in the regression model.
CONCLUSION
Findings indicate that nurses with higher level of fatigue, and greater absolute labor intensity which implies extended work hours, had lower sleep quality for all the three shifts. To improve the sleep quality of clinical nurses, an intervention program for fatigue management is needed. In addition, hospitals should establish an internal legal standard to compensate overtime work with breaks. At the same time, as shift work is inevitable for nurses, it is necessary to develop a work system that can minimize the disturbance of daily rhythms.

Citations

• Current situation and related factors of fatigue among doctors and nurses in tertiary general hospitals in Northeast China
  Bin Wang, Wenshu Yang, Yu Wang, Xu Chen, Dongmei Liu, Bao Yin, Haidong Bao, Dong Wang, Surui He
  Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mental fatigue of operating room nurses and its relationship with missed perioperative nursing care: a descriptive-analytical study
  Vahid Rahmani, Valerie L. Marsh, Ebrahim Aliafsari Mamaghani, Ali Soleimani, Maedeh Alizadeh, Omid Zadi, Nasrin Aghazadeh
  BMC Research Notes.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Changes in Working Hours and Labor Intensity and Their Effect on Sleep Difficulties of Shift Work Nurses in Hospitals
  Ji Yun Lee, Kyung Jin Hong
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(4): 446.     CrossRef
• Mediating effects of fatigue on the relationship between sleep quality and the quality of life of shift-working nurses
  Jeongwon Yeom, Insun Yeom
  Chronobiology International.2023; 40(4): 450.     CrossRef
• Psychosocial Stressors of COVID-19– and Non-COVID-19–Dedicated Nurses: A Comparative Study
  Soo-Yeon Kim, Jeong Eun Yang
  Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services.2023; 61(1): 39.     CrossRef
• Effects of Fatigue and Emotional Labor on Sleep Quality among Apartment Security Guards
  Chul-Gyu Kim, Sujeong Jeong, Young Mi Ryu, Seungmi Park, Kyoungmi Moon, Yunjung Kwon, Sun-A Park, Hye Ok Park
  Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 205.     CrossRef
• Depressive symptoms and menstrual distress according to the menstrual phase in nurses: the Korea Nurses’ Health Study
  Oksoo Kim, Sue Kim, Hae Ok Jeon, Ahrin Kim, Chiyoung Cha, Bohye Kim
  Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology.2022; 43(4): 541.     CrossRef
• Examination of fatigue levels and factors affecting fatigue in operating room nurses
  Fadime Gök, Zeynep Deveci Koçbilek
  Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management.2022; 26: 100243.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Gastrointestinal Symptoms among Rotating Shift Nurses in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Sun-Kyung Hwang, Yun-Ji Lee, Min-Eun Cho, Bo-Kyoung Kim, Yea-In Yoon
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(16): 9795.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Physical and Mental Fatigue among Female Hospital Nurses: The Korea Nurses’ Health Study
  Hee Jung Jang, Oksoo Kim, Sue Kim, Mi Sun Kim, Jung Ah Choi, Bohye Kim, Hyunju Dan, Heeja Jung
  Healthcare.2021; 9(2): 201.     CrossRef
• The Predictive Factors of Medication Errors in Clinical Nurse
  Junekyu Kim, Yeoungsuk Song, Soon Rim Suh
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(1): 19.     CrossRef
• Work Fatigue in a Hospital Setting: The Experience at Cheng Hsin General Hospital
  Tao-Hsin Tung, Ming-Chon Hsiung
  Healthcare.2021; 9(6): 776.     CrossRef
• Influences of Physical Symptoms, Sleep Quality, Fatigue and Health Promoting Behaviors on Job Satisfaction of Shift Nurses
  Young Eun Ahn
  Korean Journal of Stress Research.2021; 29(4): 262.     CrossRef
• Changing Factors of Employee Satisfaction with Working Conditions: An Analysis of the Korean Working Conditions Survey
  Changhun Lee, Sunyoung Park
  Safety and Health at Work.2021; 12(3): 324.     CrossRef
• Secondary Data Analysis on the Quality of Sleep and Related Factors of Novice and Experienced Shift Work Nurses
  Minjeong Yu, Smi Choi-Kwon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(5): 646.     CrossRef
• Work-related Characteristics and Sleep Quality of Nurses in Comprehensive Nursing Care Units of Small-medium Sized Hospitals
  Sujin Shin, Inyoung Lee, Jeonghyun Kim, Sung-Heui Bae
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2019; 26(4): 260.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was conducted to expand nurse's experience of harmful work environments.
METHODS
Data were collected through in-depth dividual interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi phenomenological analysis methodology.
RESULTS
Harmful work environments experienced by nurses were categorized as followed: ‘Neglect concerning infections’, ‘Being thrown into a violent working environment’, ‘The hard times of being alone’, ‘Struggling with the harmful work environments’.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study provide a deep understanding of the harmful work environments. It is necessary to create safe work environments and it is important to improve awareness in the system of organizations as well as individuals. Also, it is necessary to develop tools to measure work environment including risk factors.

Citations

• The influence of tertiary hospital nurses’ ageism, empathy, and work intensity on the performance of geriatric nursing: A cross-sectional study
  Jang mi Park, Jung Suk Park
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2025; 27(1): 74.     CrossRef
• Associations of anxiety and fatigue with hazardous occupational conditions of Korean nurses in early pregnancy: A cross‐sectional study
  Jung‐Hee Kim, Oksoo Kim, Mijung Cho, Hyunseon Jeong, Hyunju Dan
  International Journal of Nursing Practice.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Development and Evaluation of Nursing Work Environment Scale of Clinical Nurses
  Yeong Ju Ko, Gwi-Ryung Son Hong
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2022; 28(5): 576.     CrossRef

PURPOSE
Purposes of this study were to develop a Nurse Emotional Labor Strategy Scale in Korean (K-NELSS) and to evaluate its psychometric properties.
METHODS
The 14 items Emotional Labor Strategy Scale (ELSS) was translated into Korean and modified to apply to nurses. Two hundred and fifty nurses working in various units completed the questionnaire. Factor validity using confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity using correlation with burn-out, and criterion validity using correlation with Korean-Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) were identified. Reliability was tested by Cronbach's α.
RESULTS
K-NELSS has 3 domains: surface acting, deep acting, and expression of naturally felt emotions. Confirmatory factor analysis showed moderate goodness of fit (RMSEA=.80, SRMR=.07, CFI=93, TFI=.92). Correlation between surface acting and burn-out was r=.37 (p < .001), and between K-NELSS and K-ELS were r=.57 (p < .001) in surface action and r=.62 (p < .001) in deep acting. Cronbach's αs for surface acting, deep acting, and expression of naturally felt emotions were .89, .88, .84, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Psychometric properties of K-NELSS indicate that it is a useful and reliable tool to assess emotional labor of Korean nurses. In addition, with a small number of items, it is relatively easy to use.

Citations

• Psychological pathway to emotional exhaustion among nurses and midwives who provide perinatal bereavement care in China: a path analysis
  Jialu Qian, Gaoyan Wu, Cecilia Jevitt, Shiwen Sun, Man Wang, Xiangyu Sun, Xiaoyan Yu
  BMC Psychiatry.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• The Level and Outcomes of Emotional Labor in Nurses: A Scoping Review
  Hanbo Feng, Meng Zhang, Xueting Li, Yang Shen, Xiaohan Li, Nilesh Kumar
  Journal of Nursing Management.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Emotional Labor and Compassion Competence on Dental Hygiene Performance in Dental Hygienists
  Sun-Mi Kim, Young-Im Kim
  Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2021; 21(2): 79.     CrossRef
• Emotional Labor Strategies, Stress, and Burnout Among Hospital Nurses: A Path Analysis
  Ji‐Soo Kim
  Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2020; 52(1): 105.     CrossRef
• Emotional labor and job types of male firefighters in Daegu Metropolitan City
  Sung Kyu Park, Han Cheol Heo, Joon Sakong, Man Joong Jeon
  Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef

PURPOSE
This study was performed to identify the role adaptation process of hospice nurses and suggest a model for the process.
METHODS
Grounded theory methodology was used. Twenty nurses participated in individual in-depth interviews. Data were collected until saturated. Questions for the interviews were about phenomenon, conditions, action/interaction strategies, and consequences in the process. Data were analyzed by applying open, axial and selective coding proposed by Strauss and Corbin.
RESULTS
Core category of the role adaptation process was ‘building up real capabilities’. Phenomenon of the role adaptation was oppressive feelings when caring for dying patients. Contextual conditions were lack of knowledge, experience and belief about hospice and hospice care being regarded as penance. Intervening conditions were expansion of horizons in understanding life and expansion of social comprehension about hospice. Action/interaction strategies included ‘reflecting on oneself as a hospice nurse’, ‘using oneself with feelings of a calling’ and ‘striving for self-management’. Consequence of the process was being a caring expert for peaceful death.
CONCLUSION
The role adaptation process of hospice nurses for the participants was the process of building up real capabilities leading them to become caring experts for peaceful death through overcoming oppressive feeling when caring for dying patients.

Citations

• Role adaptation of nurses caring for older adults with terminal diseases in geriatric hospitals
  Qiushi Liu, Bongsook Yih
  International Nursing Review.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Mediating Effect of Resilience on the Relationship Between Job Stress and the Professional Quality of Life of Hospice and Palliative Care Nurses: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study
  Eunhee Jo, Soon-Jung Hwang, Hyang-Suk Kwon
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2024; 36(3): 241.     CrossRef
• Clinical Experience of Nurses in a Consultative Hospice Palliative Care Service
  Sinyoung Kwon, Jinyee Byun
  Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2024; 27(1): 31.     CrossRef
• Experience of Clinical Adaptation among Nurses in Intensive Care Unit
  Jin Young Hong, Sue Kyung Sohn
  Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2024; 17(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Person-Centered Care among Hospice Nurses
  Sinyoung Kwon, Kyoung Hee Kim
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2022; 25(2): 66.     CrossRef
• Moderating Effect of Nurse’s Character on the Relationship between Attitudes toward Nursing Care of the Dying and Performance of Terminal Care in South Korea
  Kawoun Seo
  Healthcare.2021; 9(9): 1195.     CrossRef
• Comparison of the Characteristics Among Deceased Do-Not-Attempt-Resuscitation (DNAR) Cancer Patients in Hospice and Oncology Wards
  Nan Song, Ja Yun Choi
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2020; 20(1): 10.     CrossRef
• End of Life Care Competencies and Terminal Care Stress of Nurses in Long Term Care Hospitals
  Young-Hee Jeong, Kyung Ja June
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2019; 22(3): 125.     CrossRef